大学研究職のキャリアパス

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さて、毎月１回は更新したいと思ったら、また２ヶ月以上も空いてしまいました。先日久しぶりに日本の学会に参加したら、シニアの先生に「日本語苦手なんじゃないですか」とイジられる一幕がありました。日本語で文章を構成して、素早く適切な言葉を選ぶ練習も怠らないようにしようと思います。[ref]余談ですが、日本語の使用中に英単語を混ぜるような話し方をすると、「私は表現力に乏しく頭の回転が遅いんです」と開示しているか、「私はあなたと話すのに頭を使って言葉を探す労力をかけたくないんです」という意思表示だと感じます。まあ完全に個人的な好みですが、本文でもキャリアパスとか言っちゃってますが、できるだけ努力して避けた方が良いんじゃないかと思います。[/ref]

今回は「大学研究職のキャリアパス」について自分の考えをまとめようと思います。厳密には「大学の理学系・工学系研究職における、ポジションの変化に伴う仕事内容の変化」についてです。自分が実験系なので、それを元に書きますが、分野が違う場合適宜読み替えてくれればと思います。

多くの職業でも同じなのだと思いますが、ある職業についてどんな仕事をするか、ということは、あまり明確ではありません。入社前に想像ができるのは、エントリーレベルの仕事か、そのすぐ上の仕事くらいのものではないでしょうか。それはそれとして、特定の仕事をするにおいて、その分野・業界全体の中にいる人を全体で見たとき、どのような役割分担があるのかを気に留めるのは有益だと思いますので、現時点における自分なりの理解をまとめたいと思います。

念のため、世の中が変わりつつあるから仕事の内容はすぐに変わっていく、という意識の高い指摘も正しいと思います。同じポジションであっても、とりまく環境の変化につれて役割は変わっていくと思いますが、それは今回の論点から外しました。時間軸を固定して現在だけを見たと仮定して、立場が変わるにつれて、どのように仕事や責任範囲の違いがあるのか、ということについて述べました。もちろん現実世界では、時間軸と立場軸が同時に変わっていくのでしょうから、もっと複雑なのは疑いありませんが、私の拙い日本語能力では処理できません、ということ逃げさせていただきます。

下記が、現状での自分なりの、立場による仕事内容の違いに対する理解です。

  1. 学部４年・修士課程
    • 責任：プロジェクト（の一部）の遂行
    • 役割：実験をする、論文の「実験結果」をまとめる
    • 学部の卒業研究、修士の研究では、研究室のシニアの学生や教員と話し合った上で、特定のプロジェクト（あるいはその一部）の実験をして、実験結果を分析してまとめます。自分が行った実験の大きな文脈での意義についての理解がブラックボックスになっている場合もあり、「上に言われた」理由をそのまま言うことも多いでしょうが、卒業はできると思います。
  2. 博士課程
    • 責任：プロジェクト（の一部）の遂行
    • 役割：実験をする、論文の「実験結果」をまとめる、論文の「序章」「結論」をまとめる
    • 博士課程では、学部・修士と同様、実験を行い結果の解釈をするのに加えて、自分の実験の意義がどのようなものであり（序章）、そこから何に繋がるか（結論）を自分の言葉で説明するのも仕事になります。これがなかなか難しいのは、以前に書いたところです。
  3. 博士研究員・ポスドク
    • 責任：プロジェクトの遂行
    • 役割：実験をする、論文をまとめる、研究資金を取る
    • 博士研究員・ポスドクの立場では、博士課程まで行うような、実験を行い論文を書くことに加えて、プロジェクトのより広い範囲を任されることが多いかと思います。複数の要素があるプロジェクト（例えば、(1) 研究装置を工作室で作成する、(2) その装置を使って病院で実験をする、など）の場合、参加者同士の調整を行うのも役割になると思います。場合によっては、研究資金の申請書（あるいはその一部）を書くことも求められます。学外では、論文の査読の依頼も増えてきます。
  4. 助教・若手 PI (Principal Investigator)
    • 責任：研究室の運営、研究室内のプロジェクトのマネジメント
    • 役割：研究室を運営する、研究資金を取る、論文をまとめる、実験をする
    • 助教、若手 PI の立場では、研究室を立ち上げて運営するのが役割です。研究資金・奨学金を獲得して、学生や博士研究員からなるチームを維持します。複数のプロジェクトを同時に走らせて、論文を書きます。研究結果を元にさらに研究費を獲得して、研究室を大きくして、安定して運営できるようにします。その他、研究室に必要な機器の発注、業者との調整、研究室の HP の作成・更新なども、研究室のメンバーと一緒に行います。学外では、学会の運営、論文の査読も責任になります。
  5. 准教授・中堅 PI (Principal Investigator)
    • 責任：研究室の運営、研究室横断プロジェクトのマネジメント
    • 役割：研究室を運営する、研究資金を取る、論文をまとめる
    • 准教授、中堅 PI になると、4 の全ての役割に加えて、複数の研究室で横断的に獲得して、大型プロジェクトのマネジメントなどをする仕事が出てくることがあるようです。この段階には私はまだ及ばず、見聞きしたことからの推測でしかありませんが、やはり大きなチームを組んで、研究室横断の大型プロジェクトを運営することは大変なことのようですし、その規模の研究室を継続的に維持することは、ますます大変なようです。学外での責任も増えてきて、論文誌のエディターとして査読の元締めをしたり、学会の全体の運営をするような仕事も増えてくるようです。
  6. 教授・大御所 PI (Principal Investigator)
    • 責任：研究室の運営、分野全体のマネジメント
    • 役割：研究資金の創出を行う、研究室を運営する、論文をまとめる
    • 教授、大御所 PI になると、4 、5 の役割に加えて、分野全体をサポートしていくのが役割になります。繰り返しながら、当然私はこの段階には遠く遠く及ばないので想像ですが、この段階の先生は「この研究分野は何故国に取って重要なのか」というような説明をすることも仕事になります。大学での研究は国からの研究資金に頼ることが多く、そもそも「国費である研究資金が特定の分野に配分されること」は必然ではありません。何故そのような配分が必要かということを示せなければ、どれだけ良いアイデアがあっても分野として成立しません。そのような働きかけをする人が必要になり、上で「研究資金の創出」と書いたのは、そのような意味です。他にも「理学系・工学系人材の育成」というような「研究分野に人を集めて輩出する」など、さらに異なるレイヤーでの役割を担っている先生方も少なくない印象です。

ちなみに、4, 5, 6 では、上記の全てに加えて、大学での授業、大学の運営も仕事になると思いますが、今回は主に研究についてなので割愛しています。スタートアップ、教育、政府や審議会などの活動、メディアでの活動などに重点をおく場合もあるはずですが、今回はそれらと研究と切り離して捉えました。研究もそれ以外も、多くを同時並行でやられていて、本当これどうやってやってんだ、みたいな人は何人も知っています。

会社によってキャリアパスに違いがあるように、大学によっても、研究室によっても、国によっても、仕組みや考えは違いますので、上記の分け方は一例であることはご理解いただいた上で、現段階で私が捉えている「大学教員の『研究』部分のキャリアパスと立場による役割の違い」は上記の通りです。これは個人的な経験から演繹して書いていますので、もしこれは違うんじゃないか、みたいな意見があれば教えてください。あと興味本位ですが、普通の会社などでの役割の変遷にも興味がありますので、お聞かせください。

自分の場合、研究職に就いたら面白いかな、と思い始めたのは大学院後半、チャンスがあれば大学での研究職につきたいかな、と思ったのはボスドクの途中でした。とはいえ、親が大学教員である、みたいな恵まれたケースでもない限りは、大学院生の段階で、その後の役割とか日常生活を思い描ける人は少ないと思います。

私はどちらかというと手を動かして研究をするのが好きです。今の仕事を選んだ段階で、研究費申請書を大量に書いたり、ラボの立ち上げの事務作業にまみれる毎日を、概念としては想像できてましたが、日常の作業レベルで想像できていたわけではありません（例えば、一定額以上の研究機器を買うときに、何故この業者から買うことが必要か、という作文をしたりするんですが、そういうのは比較的「つまらない」仕事です。そういうのが溜まったときにどんな気持ちになるか、とかはやってみるまで想像できないと思うけど、大事なことです。）とはいえ、一定規模の研究室を安定して運営して、現在の研究をもっと進めたいと思いますし、トータルでは今の仕事は楽しいと思いますが、好き嫌いや向き不向きはあるかな、と思います。そして自分の強みは、マネジメントじゃない気がするのは事実です。笑

もし大学院修士の学生さんがこれを読んでたりして、大学教員として就職する[ref]ちなみに日本では大学教員は社会人とみなされないようですが、何故なんでしょうね。結構なマルチタスクを安定してこなすことが求められ、人との調整も多い「社会的な仕事」なんですけどね。[/ref]のに興味があるけど、どんな仕事になるんだろ、と思ったら、信頼出来る少し年齢が上や、結構シニアの先生の働き方を観察して、話をしたらどうでしょうか。どんな仕事でもそうだと思いますが、立場によってやることは違いますし、現段階で「面白い」と思っていることを継続してやれるとも限りません。そもそも研究分野（あるいは業界）が存在すること自体も過去の積み重ねの結果です。年長者がどのように活動を重ねてきたかを考えることや、そして自分がいずれそんな役割を担っていくことを想像することは利益があることだと思います。

あと、今の私にも当てはまることなのですが、次の段階に進んだらどんな役割を担う必要があり、その為にどんな準備をしておくか考えることは、役に立つかもしれません。今さらだけど、自分はもっと院生やポスドクのときに研究費申請の練習をしておけば良かったと思っています。得られなかった経験を嘆いてもしょうがないので、今頑張って追いつこうとしていますが。あと、今後この業界で食べていくならば、自分より先のステージにいる先生方が担う役割に今後移行するために、どのような準備をすると良いのか、あるいは自分はそもそも移行したいのか（移行した後の仕事を自分は好きか、楽しめるか）、など、仕事時間の 5 % くらいでは考えてみたいと思っています。

以上、日本語の連中のために、１ヶ月に１度くらい書く長文でした。みなさんの仕事ではどうでしょうか？

それでは良いお年を！

63 thoughts on “大学研究職のキャリアパス”

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